ABO blood grouping and Rh typing are essential blood tests that determine a person's blood type for safe blood transfusions and pregnancy management. The ABO system classifies blood into four main types (A, B, AB, and O) based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells. Rh typing determines whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative based on the presence of the Rh(D) antigen. This information is critical for blood transfusions to prevent potentially life-threatening immune reactions. In pregnancy, Rh typing is particularly important because Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies may develop antibodies that can cause hemolytic disease in subsequent pregnancies. The test is routinely performed before surgery, during pregnancy, and for blood donors to ensure compatibility and prevent transfusion reactions.